Tuesday, September 15, 2020

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Friday, September 11, 2020

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Wednesday, September 2, 2020

Reliable Essay Writing Service

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Friday, August 28, 2020

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Wednesday, August 26, 2020

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Thursday, May 28, 2020

Hinduism in Modern Indian Society and Culture - Free Essay Example

Hinduism is religion typically practiced in modern Indian society and culture as well as throughout history. Early periods of Hinduism were based on a caste system which was the belief of every person having a purpose. The four stages of life were the following student, householder, retirement, and renunciation. In order to achieve this rebirth or release known as moksha, individuals could do so through one or more of three ways: jnana-marga knowledge/insight, karma-marga appropriate actions/works, and bhakti-marga (way of devotion to God. An aspect of Hinduism that I found most intriguing is the concept of moshka. I feel that I may have many questions regarding moshka, such as whether an individual aware of what they will be reincarnating in their next life, and if they have any choices in regard to what life they wish to transcend. Also, do rebirths include your memories from your previous lives? Or are you started with a blank slate? I feel that the concept seems nearly impossible to fathom as it seems that a large majority of people will have some hope and desire to be reborn into a higher caste or class, but they cannot have any of these types of desires or attachments to achieve moshka. I feel that my own religious practices in Catholicism are focused more on focusing our minds and souls in sermons and private prayers. Although we also depict figures images of Jesus, the cross, and Mother Mary, I feel that we do not emphasize the essence of these actual images during worship as much as Hinduism. The ideas of multiple deities and Gods were other things about Hinduism that caught my attention. It was fascinating to learn the stories and meaning of each of these prominent deities in this religion. I believe that I can apply the many principles taught in Hinduism to my life by seeking to help perform Gods work through my interactions and behavior with others. Similarly, to how Hindus can achieve fulfillment and union with God through appropriate acts and behaviors, I believe I am brought closer to God by following His example in action and in how He views the world with love and compassion.

Saturday, May 16, 2020

Role of Religion in Europe - 868 Words

The role of religion in Europe During the fifteenth, sixteenth, and seventeenth centuries, religion played a major role in the efforts of the Europeans to explore and colonize the new world. The Reconquista became over a period of time a sacred mission to many of the Christian rulers and inhabitants of the peninsula. As soon as this period was finished, Spain started focusing on colonization and expansion. Some of the major events that happened during this period were the Portuguese attacks on the Moslem positions in the northern tip of Africa and the search for Christian allies against Islam. There were many factors that motivated the search for the new world. Some of these factors were religious persecution, cheaper route to the†¦show more content†¦People thought that in his land lie the fountain of youth and other mythical things. Another big role religion played in this period of time was religious persecution. This was a period of extreme religious persecution, primarily forced conversion, and the destruction of cultural materials. Islam moved to the northern part of Africa and pushed the African tribes to turn Islamic. If they didn t, they would have received death threats. Though, most of the time they werent carried out, the threat of being killed compelled most tribes to follow them. Religious persecution led to the exaultion of many tribes. In northern Europe, people were sailing across the Atlantic to escape this persecution. They didn t want to convert to the new beliefs so they sailed to the Americas. These people called themselves Pilgrims. The were looking for a home where they could freely practice their style of religion. The known reason for the separation of the Church of England was that they felt that the church had not completed the task begun by the Reformation. Another role that was introduced by religious hate towards Moslems was the trade route to the West Indies. The Portuguese rulers were started to look for a way to avoid paying their religious enemies a middle man fee. They wanted a way to eliminate the Moslem input. The heard stories of a trade route beyond the southern tip of Africa. Vasco de Gama was the first Portuguese navigator that reached the Indies. He was in theShow MoreRelatedWhat Is The Idea Of Europe?1749 Words   |  7 PagesKaragoz Idea of Europe Final Assignment Outline: What is the Idea of Europe? †¢ Some of defining ideas †¢ European beliefs †¢ Challenges over the time What images of Europe? †¢ Physical borders †¢ Outside of Europe †¢ Central Europe †¢ Vision of Europe What is European? What is the â€Å"Idea of Europe†? When you look at history of Europe we can define the idea of Europe in so many ways with describing beliefs, culture, religion, borders, and some of outside of factors. In overtime Europe has been describedRead MoreModel Essay Comparison Essay Post-Classical Civilizations1304 Words   |  6 Pagesbetween two of the following regions- Europe, East Asia, Africa or the Middle East. Model Essay Comparison Essay Post-Classical Civilizations With the collapse of the Roman, Gupta and Han empires, the world was left in a period of chaos with little structure in most areas. However after these collapses and the interlude that followed, post-classical civilizations arose in various regions. There were various reasons for this that ranged from rise of religion to the re-organization of politicalRead MoreCauses Of The Protestant Reformation725 Words   |  3 Pageseverything in most of Europe. It was the wealthiest thing in all the land and with that came other big concepts. The church had power over the people, over other people’s money and even other people’s lives. However, during the time period of 1300 to 1789 the churchs power declined by a significant amount. A number of things happened that decreased the churchs power during the time period of 1300 to 1789, but the Protestant reformation and the Scientific Revolution had weakened the role of the church theRead MoreReligion and Economy in Medieval Europe and Japan1305 Words   |  6 PagesReligion and Economy in Medieval Europe and Japan Social Hierarchy after Urbanization Religion did not have as much of an impact on daily life and the overall development of Japan as it did Europe. For instance the maximum of the wars were fought for wealth or power, not religion, but what it did do was influence certain features. The people in Japan stuck to their original Shinto religion when Buddhism was involuntary forced on them, but soon after they discovered Zen Buddhism; a practice that wasRead MoreThe Image of Medieval Western Europe Essay769 Words   |  4 PagesThe image of medieval western Europe can be attributed to political, religious, economic, and cultural factors. The impulse of expansion, unity under Christianity, trade, and education were key developments within the factors. Ultimetly, these developments contributed to the advancement of medieval western Europe in the postclassical period. The medieval government in western Europe exercised feudalism which also established the structure of political powers. Kings held the most authority whileRead MoreContrast the Life of the Heian-Era Courtier with That of the Kamakura Samurai.783 Words   |  4 Pagesand contrast Medieval Europe with Medieval Japan using examples from three levels of society. †¢ The feudal system of Japan and the feudal system of Europe shared similar structures and values. †¢ The two feudal systems differed in many ways. These differences can be seen in the areas of religion, literature, and the role of women. †¢ The impact of both Japanese and European feudalism is still felt today. ESSENTIAL QUESTION What similarities did the feudal societies in Europe and Japan share? JapaneseRead MoreMedieval Warfare And The Middle Ages1142 Words   |  5 PagesMiddle Ages. In Europe, technological, cultural, and social developments had forced a dramatic transformation in the character of warfare from antiquity, changing military tactics and the role of cavalry and artillery. Warfare was an essential part of the Medieval European society, as they would often go on raids and siege castles to diminish their enemies’ forces and become more powerful themselves. However, while warfare was prominent, religion was as well and it played a huge role in the daily livesRead MoreReligious Practices And Beliefs Of The Catholic Church1327 Words   |  6 PagesFurthermore, The Protestant Reformation saw a major European movement that challenged the religious practices and beliefs of the Roman Catholic Church. With the rise of religion attracting many individuals, intellectuals began to challenge religious teachings and expose the corruption of the Church. Rather than offering salvation, the Church became corrupt and stingy for control, power, and money, in which German theologian Martin Luther, highlighted. Luther argued that people only achieve salvationRead MoreThe Roman Catholic Church in Medieval Times Essay1295 Words   |  6 Pages In the Medieval times, the Roman Catholic Church played a great role in the development of England and had much more power than the Church of today does. In Medieval England, the Roman Catholic Church dominated everyday life and controlled everyone whether it is knights, peasants or kings. The Church was one of the most influential institutions in all of Medieval England and played a large role in education and religion. The Churchs power was so great that they could order and control knightsRead MoreThe Thirty Years War : Early Modern Europe1350 Words   |  6 PagesMalcolm Michels Navarro November 15, 2015 HST 111 – Early Modern Europe Thirty Years Wasted The Thirty Years War (1618 – 1648) was a large influence in the pivotal turning point that changed European history for the decades to come. The long, painful war was composed of a series of battles that were primarily fought on German soil with several nations taking part. It was commonly seen to have begun when the Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand II of Bohemia attempted to restrain other religious activities

Wednesday, May 6, 2020

Television And The Spanish Radio Station - 865 Words

In its beginnings, no major or even minor radio station saw a future in Hispanic radio. Companies saw the Hispanic radio as a loss rather than an unopened door to a loyal public in not only the states, but all the way to many Mexican border cities. Yet, once brokers began the Spanish language programming, companies noticed how profitable these programs could potentially be. â€Å"Stations and advertisers began to understand the benefit of reaching an underserved audience in their native language, publishing station profiles and trade figures for Spanish-language stations. It was only in the late 1970s that marketers and advertisers â€Å"demonstrated any real interest in this group of consumers† (O’Guinn, 1980). â€Å"In 1980 the Federal Communications Commission found sixty-seven Spanish-oriented radio stations on the air. By the year 2000 the figure had increased dramatically to nearly six hundred, signifying a near 500 percent increase.21 The latest 2009 figures li st over one thousand radio stations that broadcast exclusively in Spanish† (Casillas, 2014). Spanish radio is known for catering to their immigrant-based listeners, which we discussed, has created an immense amount of loyal listeners. Economic growth has been a byproduct of the stations need for connecting with their listeners and their constant search for sufficing their needs. Economically, this has maintained their numbers high, both in listeners and dollars. â€Å"Both commercial and community-based radio stations routinelyShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Hispanic Radio On American Society1132 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction In its most basic form, the radio has always played an inherent role in the development of societies around the world. Before the mobile first generation, and even the television, the radio was the device that families would allow into their home and embrace as a connection to the outside world. With no exception to this rule, Hispanic radio has shaped the growing minorities role in American society ever since its boom. Hispanic radio has been the unifying force between Latino communitiesRead MoreThe Chilean Press1602 Words   |  7 Pagessocial issues, as well as events, influenced in changing and shaping the media, as we know it today. Chile’s first newspaper, La Aurora, was published in February 13, 1812. It was published by anti-royalist and was considered pro- patriotic and anti-Spanish. It consisted of a single sheet and was published weekly on Thursdays. La Aurora, ended its publication just fourteen months after it began, this was due to a new newspaper hitting the press: El Mercurio de Valparaiso. The paper began as a four pageRead MoreSignificant Events that Shaped America between 1940 and 19801499 Words   |  6 Pageshistory are not defined by how they actually happened but how they were interpreted. Be it by the people of that land or other lands looking in. In what ways do people receive the important news? News comes through media outlets such as radio, newspaper and television. Americans especially tend to take things at face value. â€Å"This information must be true, I read it in a newspaper.† In 1941 Japan attacked Pearl Harbor and in the coming weeks thanks to newspaper, men an d underage boys were lined upRead MoreMedi A Powerful Tool Of Communication1409 Words   |  6 Pagesnearly 200 privately owned television stations, more than 480 radio stations, eight (8) national newspapers as well as many local ones. Of the various forms of media, radio is the most important source of news and information for many especially rural dwellers. This is as a result of the low literacy rates and also because the rural regions of the country have few televisions. Television reception is poor in many areas of the country and thus this broadcast media (radio) remains an important newsRead MorePositive And Negative Impact Of Mexico1299 Words   |  6 Pagesagriculturalists, hunters and gatherers, politicians, and religious leaders, forming civilizations and empires by conquering lands and forming cities (history-world.org, 2015). In 1519, Spanish explorers arrived on the shores of Mexico, and with the arrival of these conquistadors led by Hernando Cortez, Mexico unwillingly became a Spanish colony. For the next 302 years, Mexico’s native tribes were killed by European disease, captured during war, and losing land to confiscation (history-world.org, 2015). EventuallyRead MoreDifference Between Public And Commercial Broadcasting2281 Words   |  10 Pagesthe general public. The TV license is paid by the general public, financing all of the general public broadcasters. A commercial broadcaster is privately owned and they finance themselves through advertisements. The general public isn t paying the station. 2. The MacBride Report – The MacBride Report, was a 1980 UN agency publication written by the International Commission for the Study of Communication issues, chaired by Irish Nobel Laureate Seà ¡n MacBride. Its aim was to investigate communicationRead MoreConsumer Behavior (Argentina) Essay1031 Words   |  5 Pagesjust over 40 million people, the Spanish speaking country has multiple aspects of consumer behavior that influence the way that people spend. Marketing in Argentina is communicated in ways very similar to the United States. Radio and television are large factors in how marketers reach consumers in Argentina. There are 170 AM radio stations and 2000 FM radio stations in Argentina with about twelve million radio sets in use and 46 television broadcasting stations with some eight million TV sets inRead MoreMexicos Current Electronic Media1468 Words   |  6 Pagescurrent electronic media and its future in media. Mexico is the third largest country in Latin America with one of the largest populations of over 119 million people († Mexico†). It is made up of 31 states with Mexico City being the federal district. Spanish is the country’s national language--in addition, 50 different indigenous languages are also spoken. Even though over time Mexico has grown and developed its civilization, the distribution of wealth remains imbalanced in several rural areas. This isRead MoreIntellectual Persuasion Of Radio Advertising1265 Words   |  6 Pages Intellectual Persuasion of Radio Advertising George Scott Bain MKG350-1 – Promotion and Public Relations Colorado State University – Global Campus Professor CherylAnn Farrell February 07, 2016 Introduction Each and everyday individuals—namely radio listeners—are emotionally stimulated by thousands of daily news and commercial messages. Consumers of this traditional technology have toRead MoreIntercultural Communication1648 Words   |  7 PagesStates of America consists of a plethora of cultures. The population of Mexico is 113.7 million people and increasing 1.10 percent annually (Huntington, 2005). Mexico’s population is an estimated 60 percent mixture of with indigenous heritage and Spanish. The multiple indigenous groups are approximately 30 percent, and the European ancestry is approximately nine percent. The largest city in Mexico is Mexico City and New York is the largest city in the United States of America. The two cities are over

Tuesday, May 5, 2020

Lending a Helping Hand Essay Example For Students

Lending a Helping Hand Essay I found her! I found her! my heart racing, palms sweating. I never met this woman before, but I knew she was the one for whom I was looking. Looking worried, she paced side to side covering her mouth. My initial reaction was to get to her and fast. Without hesitation I ran to the end of the platform, down the stairs, through the tunnel and past the suffocating smell of urine. Shes getting away, I rushed; out of breath I said â€Å"Excuse me, Miss? † â€Å"Can I talk to you for one second? † At this point, a question in mind may be why I was chasing a woman I had never met before. It may seem like a lawsuit waiting to happen, but I had a gut feeling that I needed to talk to her regardless of what it took. She looked at me, and without letting her say a word I said, â€Å"You are an amazing woman, God sees you as his treasure, and dont you ever forget that. † She began crying, I continued, â€Å"I am on a mission trip with my church. We have been seeking people who we have been led to us by God to reassure them that there are people who still care. † At this point she was hysterically crying while my partner stood at my side; she hugged us and said, â€Å"You two saved me I was on my way to do something stupid. You helped me see the light and stopped my plans to kill myself. † My heart sunk deep inside my chest. At thirteen, I did not understand the power of words until she spoke. I did not understand that saying a few words to someone could stop them from taking their own life. At that very moment she changed my life. While helping her, she unconsciously helped me. It was almost as though I was her angel and she was mine. She is the reason why I have so much passion and determination to help those in need. Four years later, while volunteering at a Senior Center, I realized I was near the same train station where I had this encounter. Walking through the station, I realized that she will always live in my heart. This woman helped me understand that we all have problems, some bigger than others. Now my outlook on life is to help people in need instead of being stuck on my own struggles. From that day on, I made a promise to myself to always help others, regardless of who the person is or what problems they are facing. I have seen how lives can be changed because of one person. My family and I are living examples of just that. Through political asylum we were able to arrive to this country with the support and the protection of the United States. My ultimate goal is to be a part of the U. S. Immigration Department, granting political asylums to families who are crying out for help and to be one who changes the lives of others for better. I want to be the small percentage of students who are successful, something that is not commonly heard of in Elizabeth. This is only the beginning of my journey and I will not stop now.

Thursday, April 16, 2020

The Web Site for Online Journalism

Table of Contents Introduction Aljazeera BBC ABCNews ESPN Egypt Daily News Conclusion Introduction The Web represents the future of journalism, and mainstream media houses have realised this point. The Web is a relatively cost-effective means of distributing information than the traditional printing press and physical deliveries. This is reporting of news on real-time through the Internet. Therefore, the Web site for online journalism must meet some quality standards of a good Web site.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on The Web Site for Online Journalism specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This is a short report about four international news Web sites and one local Egyptian news Web site. It looks at the contents and types of news (sport, business, and politics), the accuracy, the design of the Web site. Aljazeera Aljazeera is an international news Web site that presents round-the-clock news to visitors on the si te. The site provides news from various parts of the global like Africa, America, Asia-Pacific, Central and South Asia, Europe, and Middle East. The Web site presents news on current affairs, opinions, business, sports, weather, in-depth analysis, human right issues, and other scheduled programmes. Aljazeera Web site has a great amount of illustration. At least every news item has a graphical presentation because such graphical presentations can have a significant impact of the audience. The Web page has a good colour in the background that makes texts easy to read. Moreover, the background is not crowded. The texts are not too small and crowded, but are evenly distributed within the page to explain the image. The Web site displays latest news in capital letters. Every title in the page has a link. However, the audience must put a mouse on the heading in order to know that the link works, i.e., there is no â€Å"click to read more† sign. However, a click on the title may lead to the main story to take the reader further to ‘sub-stories’, which relate to the main story (this is the case with most of the contents in the in-depth section). The site does not have any dead links, unclear navigation, orphan pages, and unwanted scroll bars.Advertising Looking for report on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The page graphical presentations are easy to load, are useful to the site, and fit within the screen. This site does not use animations. However, the section marked as ‘IN PICTURES’ has running images through, but they look professional. Generally, the Web site has a good design. The site provides various ways of contacting the organisation. However, it has social media integration (Twitter and Facebook). It also has a mobile version because smart devices and tablets are responsible for the growing Web traffic. The site lacks any security icon. BBC The BBC has been the benchmark for international journalism. From the BBC Web site, the audience can listen, watch, and read news. Moreover, there are also constant updates. The site provides science, sports, documentary, society, blog, and other categories. It has abundant resources for the audience. The news items are current and accurate. The background is clear to allow for readability of the texts. Texts appear in clear blue and light grey colour against a white background. Thus, readers can easily read them. The BBC Web site uses small letters to display latest news from the globe. Texts are organised below the main story. Titles in the page also act as links, which viewers must click in order to read, watch, or listen to a story. The BBC Web site uses a blue colour to differentiate the headline and the caption of the news. All the links are working, and there are no dead or orphan links in the site. Navigation is easy because there are various categories of news e.g., sports, weathe r, business, health, environment, and other areas of interests. All these items fit within the Web page. The site makes extensive use of graphics for main stories. Moreover, it also presents some features in forms of illustration. However, graphic reporting plays a major role in this Web site. There are no animations in this Web site.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on The Web Site for Online Journalism specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The BBC Web site has a well-integrated graphic design. All texts, snaps, and images fit within the site. Moreover, users do not have to scroll various segments in order to gain access to an item. The BBC Web site has a mobile integration platform, live news, videos, and connected TV among others. There are also social media links. It also has extra links for FAQs. The BBC Web site design has rich contents and meets qualities of an international news standard Web site with multiple l anguages for various viewers. Contact details are readily available. ABCNews ABCNews is a part of the go.com. It provides the latest news items alongside video and audio messages. The format is clear and usable for the audience. Moreover, subscribes can get news alerts via their e-mails and mobile gadgets. The contents are real events. The Web site has a clear background that allows text readability. It makes the use of white space in the background. Texts in this Web site are mainly headlines with links to the main news item. The blue and black texts are visible against a white background. The Web site links are working, users can navigate various pages of the site from the sections and headlines provided. The site is easy to scroll because users only use the side bar to scroll the entire content of the page. Moreover, the site has arranged its content into various categories. There are no inactive and dead links in this Web site.Advertising Looking for report on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The site has maintained its multimedia design. It has graphics, slideshows, audio links, and videos. The site has multiple links, whit space, and multimedia approach to design. It also contains mobile apps and version for mobile devices, as well as social media links. ESPN ESPN provides sports news, history and sports statistics. The site does not rely on extensive use of text on its dark red background. The news items are accurate sports news, suggestions, speculations, and opinions of contributors. It mainly relies on graphic journalism for reporting. It has maintained multimedia features. Moreover, there is a section with auto play (advertisement of mobile apps). The design of the sight ensures that all items are within the Web page. It has social media links and alerts. However, there are no visible security features for visitors. Egypt Daily News This Web site focuses on local news from Egypt, Middle East, and world news. The reporting is accurate in current affairs. The site i s full of texts. In fact, most news items are in text format. The white background allows visitors to read the blue texts. The texts are small and may not be visible to some readers. However, this Web site looks crowded and cluttered with text. It contains more than enough. At the bottom of the site, there is a large white space with no content while the top side is cluttered with advertisements and headings. The links are active and navigation is not difficult for the identified news item. The site uses multimedia elements, but there are no animations and auto play elements. Graphic journalism also plays a critical role in this Web site. This Web site requires improvement because of the cluttered presentation and small font sizes. Moreover, it focuses on several issues. Conclusion The international news Web sites have strived to display professionalism on their sites. The news items are current, accurate, and reflect balanced coverage. They apply graphic reporting or journalism to present news items. There are words, illustration, and snaps. Graphic journalism acts as a backup for the text and audio reporting. All Web sites have active links, which have easy navigation processes because of the sections and titles. Moreover, all these sites have social media links and alerts. Some of these Web sites have strived to remain simple. As a result, they have integrated multimedia applications with caution. For instance, most of them do not have background music, flash, auto-play contents, and extraneous data that can slow down the page. However, some Web sites have cluttered design in terms of graphic and text presentations, and the use of white space. Such sites require professional appeals. In addition, they also lack visible security signs. Customisation of the content in some sites also allows visitors to choose a language of their choice. However, these Web sites aim to achieve usability, aesthetic, and functionality of a professional Web site. This report on The Web Site for Online Journalism was written and submitted by user Taryn P. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Friday, March 13, 2020

Free Essays on Anonymous

Massage Therapy By: Anonymous Recently, the practice of massage therapy has grown remarkably in the United States. It has become more widely accepted as a medical practice by doctors as well as the general public. Massage is defined as: †¦the systematic manual or mechanical manipulations of the soft tissues of the body by such movements as rubbing, kneading, pressing, rolling, slapping, and tapping, for therapeutic purposes such as promoting circulation of the blood and lymph, relaxation of muscles, relief from pain, restoration of metabolic balance, and other benefits both physical and mental (Beck 3). The use of massage therapy has many benefits that even medicine or other methods of relief cannot offer. Historical evidence has led to indicate that massage was probably one of the earliest remedies for pain relief and for the restoration of the body. The roots of massage can be traced back to ancient civilizations where many artifacts have been found to support the belief that prehistoric people massaged th eir muscles and perhaps even used some form of oil. Early civilizations including ancient Chinese, Japanese, Indian, Hindu, Greek and Roman used some form of massage therapy treatment. With the decline of the Roman Empire, popularity of massage and health care in general also declined. The Renaissance period brought back the interest in health and science, and massage once again became common practice. In the following century, medical practitioners incorporated massage therapy into their healing treatments. Early in the nineteenth century, Per Henrik Ling, a physiologist and fencing master, from Sweden developed systems of movements that he found to be beneficial in improving physical conditions. Based on the science of physiology, his movements became known as Medical Gymnastics. Ling established the Royal Swedish Central Institute of Gymnastics in 1813. Ling's Medical Gymnastics was taught in his new institute and became ... Free Essays on Anonymous Free Essays on Anonymous Holocaust Remembrance Wednesday April, 30 2003 I attended Mendel Rosenburg’s speech on his own life experiences during and after the Holocaust. It is hard to believe that a person can go through many years of their life being tormented and live to talk about it. Mendel said that he would not talk about his experiences with the Holocaust for over twenty-five years. It was way too hard for him to talk or even think about his father being taken from his family and being shot right in front of him and also all the hardships he went through. This speech was very interesting to me and I now have an extreme interest in the Holocaust and would like to learn more about. Mendel Rosenburg was born in Lithuania and raised in what he called the â€Å"Lithuanian ghetto†. In 1930 Lithuania was controlled by Germany, and was under the communist rule. Mendel was taken to a concentration camp at the age of 13. June 1941 the war between Germany and Russia was going on and Russia was getting to close to Germany so the Germans started arresting all the adult male Jews. They were taking them into the desert, making them dig large holes in the dirt the shooting them and burring the in the holes that they dug themselves. On July 18, 1941 Mendel’s father was one of the men killed in the desert. The Germans wanted to get all the Jews out of Lithuania so they moved over 240,000 to a place Mendel called another ghetto. They placed his whole family in a small room with another mother and her children. Mendel and his older brother made bunks for everyone to sleep on. They made all the men left in the ghetto work all day long in agricultural fields. Food was rationed between each family so the more people in your family the less food everyone was allowed to eat. It was not long before the Germans came in to the ‘ghetto’ and demanded that all the children come with them and they would take them to a children’s concentration camp. When all the paren... Free Essays on Anonymous Massage Therapy By: Anonymous Recently, the practice of massage therapy has grown remarkably in the United States. It has become more widely accepted as a medical practice by doctors as well as the general public. Massage is defined as: †¦the systematic manual or mechanical manipulations of the soft tissues of the body by such movements as rubbing, kneading, pressing, rolling, slapping, and tapping, for therapeutic purposes such as promoting circulation of the blood and lymph, relaxation of muscles, relief from pain, restoration of metabolic balance, and other benefits both physical and mental (Beck 3). The use of massage therapy has many benefits that even medicine or other methods of relief cannot offer. Historical evidence has led to indicate that massage was probably one of the earliest remedies for pain relief and for the restoration of the body. The roots of massage can be traced back to ancient civilizations where many artifacts have been found to support the belief that prehistoric people massaged th eir muscles and perhaps even used some form of oil. Early civilizations including ancient Chinese, Japanese, Indian, Hindu, Greek and Roman used some form of massage therapy treatment. With the decline of the Roman Empire, popularity of massage and health care in general also declined. The Renaissance period brought back the interest in health and science, and massage once again became common practice. In the following century, medical practitioners incorporated massage therapy into their healing treatments. Early in the nineteenth century, Per Henrik Ling, a physiologist and fencing master, from Sweden developed systems of movements that he found to be beneficial in improving physical conditions. Based on the science of physiology, his movements became known as Medical Gymnastics. Ling established the Royal Swedish Central Institute of Gymnastics in 1813. Ling's Medical Gymnastics was taught in his new institute and became ... Free Essays on Anonymous Zen Teaching This aspect of Zen teaching, the existence of the positive in the negative is difficult for many people to comprehend, especially since it is also taught that both the positive and the negative (Yang and Yin) co-exist in interactive interdependency in what is termed the 'Tai Chi' (symbolised by the Yin and Yang aspects linked together in the two halves of a circle. But even more than this, it is further taught that the Tai Chi is only a way of conceptualizing the infinite or absolute which contains 'all that which is, and all that which is not'. This concept seems to be unique to Taoism and Buddhism, and it is usually only advanced students who enter 'mondo' (question and answer, or discussion) on topics such as these, and such matters are not frequently discussed during normal sesshin. The reason for this (apart from the complexities involved) is that Zen students arae not encouraged to consider abstract or mystical matters until they are quite advanced. Such matters as 'the infinite', and 'eternity', are termed 'the song of the absolute', and we are warned in the precepts, "Be diligent in your practice, and on hearing the music of the absolute, do not be so foolish as to try to sing its song." This statement is in fact a reference to the difference between experiential learning (learning through experience) and cognitive learning (learning through study). In meditation we lose awareness of the ego, and might sthus sometimes lose awareness of the 'self'. Although this does happen without meditation (and without Zen) for some people, it is more usual for it to occur in a meditative state. It is an essential precursor to deep meditation, and to a state or attitude known as 'kufu' (the technique beyond technique). What the student is being told in the above precept is that although such states can and do occur, they are experiential rather than cognitive, which is to say t... Free Essays on Anonymous Venus and Mars, Adam and Eve, Birds and the Bees; what are the different between the two sexes? Both are from the same human race and both have the same basic human needs, but the word â€Å"human† can’t describe the differences between the two. They are two different entities, each acting within their own unique way. They can also be the same in many ways, but different in the other way. When combined, in love, they form into one. Female and Male need each other. They would feel lonely and depress without one another causing their life to be much difficult. Female and male mentality is totally different. In terms of evolution, the males are known as the hunters roam the land in order to provide food and shelter for the family. This is usually done in groups because hunting cannot be done alone since there are many dangers back in the day. This can explain why males usually always make friends so easily. To make networks, a male has to be more outgoing, cooperative, and resourcefulness. This explains the current mentality that males display in modern culture. The smartest and the bravest male are usually the leaders and the rest follows. This can be seen in grade and middle school when the bad boy or the loudest boy is usually the most popular. This feeling or mentality was programmed into males through millions of years of evolution. By hunting, males had to be hardened to survive. From the millions of years of hunting which required many physical strength and ability. Gradually males became more physical built, while females stayed at home taking care of housework which required less physical strength. Thus explaining why males are usually bigger and stronger then females. Females on the other hand were the gatherers back in millions of years ago. They weren’t forced to deal with the harsh conditions of hunting, instead they gathered. Gathering requires less physical work and has less strain on the body, ...

Wednesday, February 26, 2020

Introduction of Information system in Organisation Essay

Introduction of Information system in Organisation - Essay Example Nowadays, high level of competition and other environmental impacts can be observed in fast food restaurant business all over the world and Nigeria is not an exception. For fast food organisations, it is apparent that there is an increasing focus on accomplishing better customer satisfaction and also to augment the organisational value. Several fast food organisations have now realised the significance of customer focused and customer based business services (Iwarere & Fakokunde, 2011). Due to rising demands and expectations of customers and enhanced competition from several multinationals, maintaining strong performances has become a challenging task for TFC. In years ahead, TFC will strive to improve the operational efficiencies as one of the main concerns of business. TFC seeks to develop in the areas of improved service delivery and enhance customer services (De Tastee Fried Chicken Limited, 2010). In this context, it can be stated that Information Systems (IS) can provide opport unities for TFC to enhance efficiency and improve the operational competency in the long run. Implementation of Mobile Point of Sale (POS) can provide an invaluable opportunity for TFC to enhance its overall performance. This essay describes about development of a new information system in TFC. The objective of the essay is to highlight different technical aspects which must be considered and the procedure for developing new information system i.e. mobile POS. Like other fast food organisations, TFC also uses the fixed POS system. Although fixed POS system is effective but mobile POS system in TFC can help to keep up with the increasing competition in fast food segment. The principal business of the organisation is to provide fast food services to the customers (Goodlife, 2012). Customers are the key stakeholders of TFC. Any kind of changes in business operations due to implementation of new information system can

Sunday, February 9, 2020

Argument against Execution of Capital Punishment Essay

Argument against Execution of Capital Punishment - Essay Example Utilitarian believe that it is not morally permissible to punish criminals in order to give them what they deserve by exacting retribution on them. They have a problem with retribution in as it advocates the infliction of suffering without any compensating gain for happiness. This paper is going to analyze the utilitarian’s support for capital punishment and then argue against that support.They are of the view that if the death penalty can deter, then there is an auxiliary argument for its use. The statistical evidence is inconclusive. According to common sense, there are reasons for believing that the death penalty deters some would-be murderers from murdering. Van den Haag’s is the best proponent of this view terming it as the ‘Best Bet’ argument. He said that, â€Å"If we value the saving of innocent lives more highly than the loss of the guilty, then to bet on a policy of capital punishment turns out to be rational.† By doing an effective cost be nefit analysis of capital punishment, we find that it has more disadvantages than advantages. To begin with, just by looking at the fact that those condemned to death do everything in their power to postpone it and to get their sentences reduced to long-term prison sentences, we are able to deduce that the death penalty is feared as an evil to be avoided. The society condemns murder as a serious offense. . Capital punishment is in itself murder as it involves killing. We can therefore deduce that capital punishment is murder, and therefore it is wrong.

Thursday, January 30, 2020

United States Declaration of Independence Essay Example for Free

United States Declaration of Independence Essay In contemplating the relation of freedom and identity, the Latin maxim libertas non datur sine veritate aptly reminds us that there can be no freedom without truth. While certain aspects of who we are, such as nationality or ethnic ancestry, may be cul? turally or serendipitously determined, there is a truth to hu? man nature which, if not observed, corrupts or destroys life and any exercise of freedom dependent upon it. Human nature and the natural law it reflects are inescapable, and, insofar as the Constitution of the United States was consciously fashioned with an outline of human nature in mind, natural law is an in? dispensable aid to proper constitutional interpretation. This essay explores the founding conception of liberty and its interrelationship with human nature. It then addresses how the Constitution reflects these aspects of human nature. Finally, it contains some concluding perspectives on aspects of human nature understated in the constitutional design and what ought to be done when there are disputing conceptions of human na? ture. I. LIBERTY The founding view of liberty was taken up directly by Ham? ilton. In Federalist 15, Hamilton asks â€Å"why,† if man1 is naturally * Caruso Family Chair and Professor of Constitutional Law, Pepperdine Uni? versity; Dean and St. Thomas More Professor, The Catholic University of America Columbus School of Law, 2001–2003; Professor and Director of the Center on Law Government at the University of Notre Dame, 1980–1999; Assistant Attorney General and Head of the Office of Legal Counsel, Department of Justice, 1985– 1989. 1. The use of the masculine in this essay is intended to include the feminine; the masculine usage is continued in the essay so as not to raise in the mind of the reader any inference that the thoughts expressed are somehow at odds with the quoted material from the founding period, which reflected a different custom in 34 Harvard Journal of Law Public Policy [Vol. 29 free,2 â€Å"has government been instituted at all? †3 Hamilton’s an? swer is blunt and rests squarely on a claim about human na? ture. Government is instituted, Hamilton asserts, â€Å"[b]ecause the passions of men will not conform to the dictates of reason and justice without constraint. †4 Liberty without restraint will not lead to private or public good. How does Hamilton know this? Well, he says, just look around; and further, if the evidence of our own eyes does not convince us and we seek something beyond this empirical claim, he urges us to draw yet another inference about human nature: It is to be expected that men in a collective or group will act badly because the â€Å"[r]egard to reputation has a less ac? tive influence. †5 Think about it, Hamilton admonishes: Liberty will be badly used if joining together obscures accountability. Moreover, â€Å"a spirit of faction† will aggravate these intrinsic human aspects, thereby magnifying the resulting harms. 6 In a group, we will ally with others of like mind in a shameless way to disadvantage or harm others. We will be inclined to use our liberty to pursue â€Å"improprieties and excesses, for which [we] would blush in a private capacity. †7 The desire for liberty to be well used, once â€Å"we the people† were united in political society, greatly motivated the Foun? ders. It will be argued below that this founding conception of liberty informed by human nature accounts for much of the constitutional structure and the express limitations upon gov? ernment power within and appended to it. The justification for the new Constitution is forthrightly anchored in the mainte? nance of human nature as the â€Å"great principle of self? preservation. †8 As such, the precondition for liberty to be used well is honoring the core principle of preserving the truth of oneself—a proposition traceable, as Federalist 43 expressly af? using the masculine pronoun alone, but which this author believes is applicable to all persons without gender distinction. 2. Note that any other presupposition is counterfactual, except to extreme be? haviorists. See, e. g. , Thomas Szasz, Against Behaviorism: A Review of B. F. Skinner’s About Behaviorism, 5 PSYCHOL. NOTES (1991), available at http://www.libertarian. co. uk/lapubs/psycn/psycn005. pdf. 3. THE FEDERALIST NO. 15, at 110 (Alexander Hamilton) (Clinton Rossiter ed. , 1961). 4. Id. 5. Id. at 111. 6. Id. 7. Id. 8. THE FEDERALIST NO. 43 (James Madison), supra note 3, at 279. No. 1] The Human Nature of Freedom and Identity 35 firms, to â€Å"the transcendent law of Nature and of Nature’s God† upon which the nation is founded and all human action de? pends. 9 The question whether identity is a limitation or starting point for freedom may be a puzzler for twenty?first century man, but it is an easier question when tossed the way of Pub? lius. The authors of The Federalist Papers knew human nature or identity to be the starting point for human freedom or liberty. II. HUMAN NATURE What is the law of nature? An early twentieth century lec? turer put matters nicely: Every living creature is the embodiment of some form of natural law. Its duration of life depends upon its obedience to the law of its nature, as embodied in its organism. It lives by being itself, by persisting in being itself, and when it vio?lates the law of the kind of being it is, it renounces life and perishes . . . . All animated beings are subject to the laws of cause and effect, as Nature has prescribed them for each species . . . . [I]n any complex organization, like human soci? ety, something must be freely granted to the individual. This is what we mean politically by â€Å"liberty. † On the other hand, something must be insisted upon for the benefit of the group. This is what we mean by â€Å"law,† in its social sense . . .. Without liberty, there is no initiative, and hence no progress. Without law, there is no survival of the group. 10 It is within the will of man to have positive law either ad? vance human nature or undermine it. It would be a mistake, however, to suppose that the constructed, positive law of soci? ety can disregard the law of nature without consequence. We can construct governments and other social structures beyond our individual natures, but these perform well only if nature’s truths are observed. â€Å"What we must never forget is that Nature never ceases to govern; and that, if men wish to govern, they must govern under Nature’s Laws, or they will be doomed to failure. †11 9. Id. 10. DAVID JAYNE HILL, HUMAN NATURE IN THE CONSTITUTION 24–25 (1926). 11. Id. at 29. 36 A. Harvard Journal of Law Public Policy [Vol. 29 Human Liberty or â€Å"Right† Derived from Assumed Duty The founding generation was studied in the dismal history of societies that sought the false freedom of governing against human nature. If one begins the history of human government with the patriarchal clan, one sees force, but little acknowl? edgment of human liberty or freedom. 12 As the clan gave way to various forms of warrior chiefs and kingships, there was a natural mindfulness of the well? being of one’s group. Several thousand years before Christ, Hammurabi’s famous legal code would describe the clan leader as a shepherd chosen â€Å"to care for the people [and cause them] to dwell in peace and security, that the great should not oppress the weak. †13 The Greeks would give a name to these assumed natural duties of care, and these in turn would later become encapsulated into the notion of rights or liberties. Rights, therefore, arose as correlatives from the reasoned objection of man’s intellect when leaders defaulted on their expected duty of care and irrationally de? prived man of the necessary goods or sustenance to survive. Stoic philosophers like Cicero would bring this conception of human right or liberty derived from duty to Rome, but, with Rome’s fall, barbarian kings once again obscured the concept of natural rights. It would not re? emerge until the American Founders decided to build a government upon human nature and its associated rights. B. Affirmation of Creation as Source of Natural Right or Liberty â€Å"When . . . the Laws of Nature and of Nature’s God entitle them, [and] a decent respect to the opinions of mankind re? quires . . . .†:14 With these words, the Founders gave explana? tion not only for the formation of a new sovereignty, but also the human liberty the newly established United States sought to advance. It was an explanation premised upon the pro? claimed truth that man is not self? creation, but created. That the handiwork of the Creator came with a conscious endow? ment of unalienable rights—life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness—led to the conclusion that any governmental form 12. This is not to say that force within the clan was always contrary to human nature. 13. HILL, supra note 10, at 37 (quoting Hammurabi’s legal code from approximately 2250 B. C. ). 14. THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE para. 1 (U. S. 1776). No. 1] The Human Nature of Freedom and Identity 37 that followed would need to have one overriding end: to secure human nature and the rights associated with it. There is much speculation as to why America in the late Eighteenth Century was the locus of natural law rediscovery. Possibly, it was the wide sweep of land, and nature, itself, that the colonists daily inhabited and sought to harness. Perhaps it was the extraordinary discoveries of the era in natural science. Or it may simply have been that no people so distant from their country of origin could rationally continue to think of them? selves as â€Å"subjects. † American colonists were persons enjoying natural liberty. However it was, â€Å"[t]he American colonists came upon this idea in their own way . . . . It was the result of their own experience in self? government, coupled with their faith that their human nature had a Divine origin and involved a moral responsibility of which freedom was a necessary corre? late. †15 If freedom, and the new government that aspired to it, were to be guided by human nature, then that nature would need to be understood. At a very basic level, giving proper attribution to a Creator put human nature off? limits to human redefini? tion16 and secured unalienable rights against the government,17 but a workable government would require some greater identi? 15. HILL, supra note 10, at 51–52. 16. Such attempted human redefinition of truth, unfortunately, is all too common. For instance, disputes abound over what legal protection to extend to an unborn child ever since Roe v. Wade, 410 U. S. 113 (1973), but the legal dispute has absolutely no effect on the truth of the child’s humanity. So too, any association of persons can be legally called a marriage, but such domination has no effect on the truth of what marriage is in terms of conjugal unity and procreative potential. Moreover, because legal assertions have no discernible power to redefine the natural essence of these matters, man ought not to seek to have positive law and nature work toward different ends. Justice James Wilson, who signed both the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution, sagely counseled that â€Å"law can never attain either the extent or the elevation of a science, unless it be raised upon the science of man. † JAMES WILSON, Man as an Individual—Abstractly Treated, in 1 THE WORKS OF JAMES WILSON 206, 207 (James DeWitt Andrews ed. , 1896). It was obvious in the 1850s that black men and women were human. Nonetheless, the law pointedly chose to treat them inhumanly. The bloody consequences of the law’s impertinence in ignoring human nature are etched in history. 17. See Thomas L. Pangle, The Philosophic Understandings of Human Nature Informing the Constitution, in CONFRONTING THE CONSTITUTION 9, 74 (Allan Bloom ed. , 1990) (â€Å"This means . . . while the majority retains supreme political power, it does not retain and never had unlimited power. The supreme (irresistible) power governing every rational person’s behavior is the desire for self? preservation and every individual retains the inalienable right to resist perceived threats to his property and existence, no matter what the source of those threats. †). 38 Harvard Journal of Law Public Policy [Vol. 29 fication of the particulars of human nature. A few of these par? ticulars are explored below. III. MAN IS FREE, BUT NOT APART FROM OR ABOVE, SOCIETY In the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries, it was under? stood that man was not intended to live alone, but in society. Of course, part of this sociability was a product of pure neces? sity. â€Å"From his beginning [man] was born into [society], and without it he could never have been. Helpless in his isolation, he could be exterminated even by swarms of insects. †18 But the yearning for community was more than a utilitarian means of defense against predatory animals or other threats to physical existence. The Founders read Aristotle and accepted his propo? sition that â€Å"man is by nature a political animal . . . . There is . . . a natural impulse in all men towards an association [with others]. †19 This natural desire, according to Aristotle, arose from two sources: reasoned reflection on right and wrong (which is only a comprehensible exercise in relation to others) and our love of others. 20 A. Jefferson: Man Has a Moral Sense Developed Out of Service to Others Thomas Jefferson most notably made reference to man’s so? cial side, observing in correspondence to John Adams that man is â€Å"an animal destined to live in society. †21 For this reason, Jef? ferson would deliberately criticize the anti? social, atomistic conceptions of Hobbes as a â€Å"humiliation to human nature. †22 Thomas Pangle records that Jefferson had derived from the Enlightenment philosopher Helvetius that we experience pleasure â€Å"when we aid or even when we seem to sacrifice for others. †23 Jefferson was not fully satisfied that Helvetius had explained the origin of the pleasure derived from the service to 18. HILL, supra note 10, at 17. 19. ARISTOTLE, THE POLITICS 10–11 (Ernest Barker trans. , 1995). 20. Id. at 106. 21. Letter from Thomas Jefferson to John Adams (Oct. 14, 1816), in 2 THE ADAMS? JEFFERSON LETTERS 492 (Lester J. Cappon ed. , 1959). 22. Letter from Thomas Jefferson to Frances Gilmer (June 7, 1816), in THE WRITINGS OF THOMAS JEFFERSON 24 (Albert Ellery Bergh ed., 1905). 23. THOMAS L. PANGLE, THE SPIRIT OF MODERN REPUBLICANISM: THE MORAL VISION OF THE AMERICAN FOUNDERS AND THE PHILOSOPHY OF LOCKE 120 (1988). No. 1] The Human Nature of Freedom and Identity 39 others and was unprepared to ascribe the origin of man’s moral sense solely to God since that would leave unaccounted for the moral sense or like sensation in a disbeliever. Therefore, on a philosophical level, Jefferson would conclude that, like other aspects of the moral sense in man, nature simply reveals the pleasure of service. 24 As he grew older, Jefferson would come to value tranquility over continued public service,25 but he would continue to lean upon the theorem that the pursuit of happi? ness was dependent upon the virtue of knowing oneself and being useful to others. The â€Å"moral instinct† that inclines us to do good out of a love of others is, Jefferson would conclude, â€Å"the brightest gem with which the human character is studded, and the want of it as more degrading than the most hideous of bodily deformities. †26 B. Wilson: Man Has Moral Sense Because He Has an Innate Conscience James Wilson would question Jefferson’s reliance upon the pleasure or utility of serving others as a sufficiently reliable ba? sis for the development of a moral sense. Unlike Jefferson, Wil? son would insist that human nature intrinsically includes not only a desire to be social and socially useful, but also a con? science. 27 Relying upon Thomas Aquinas by way of Richard Hooker, Wilson would insist that it is conscience that guides reason. 28 The first principles of virtue are self? evident to man, and, were it otherwise, most men would find the pursuit of vir? tue to be impossible and beyond their capacity. Wilson’s attachment to innate conscience contrasts with John Locke, who, in his Essay Concerning Human Understanding, opines that not even the Golden Rule is innately known. Locke is often quoted in a way that makes his writing seem highly relativistic, and certainly the statement, â€Å"[c]onscience . . . is noth? ing else, but our own Opinion,† seems to be just that. 29 Locke was obviously a stronger influence on Jefferson than on Wil? 24. See id. 25. Pangle quotes Jefferson as advising a young James Monroe that â€Å"public service and private misery [are] inseparably linked together. † Id. at 121. 26. Id. at 120. 27. Id. at 121–22. 28. JAMES WILSON, Of the General Principles of Law and Obligation, in SELECTED POLITICAL ESSAYS OF JAMES WILSON 215, 222–24 (Randolph G. Adams ed. , 1930). 29. JOHN LOCKE, AN ESSAY CONCERNING HUMAN UNDERSTANDING 70 (Peter H. Nidditch ed., 1975) (1689). 40 Harvard Journal of Law Public Policy [Vol. 29 son, as Locke’s denial of conscience as innate fits nicely with Jefferson’s proposition that men always inquire further to seek an underlying reason for a moral rule. 30 For Jefferson again, it was the utility of service that brought happiness, not following an inner voice guided by an objective, knowable virtue. Locke would similarly write that â€Å"[p]ower and riches, nay Vertue [sic] it self, are valued only as Conducing to our Happiness. †31 C. Man’s Created Nature Bridges Jefferson and Wilson But Jefferson (and Locke) may not be as far from Wilson as it first would seem. What unifies them is reference to the tran? scendent. All three concede that acknowledgment of a Creator influences man’s moral sense. Locke makes repeated reference to man’s creation, and Jefferson’s â€Å"endowed by their Creator† reference in the Declaration is well known. Nevertheless, Jef? ferson is sometimes described as a â€Å"materialist,† a term he bor?rowed from Locke, or often as a â€Å"deist. † These terms obscure more than they clarify because it was Jefferson’s concession of a Creator God that had real consequence for filling out his con? ception of human nature. As Father John Hardon, S. J. , wrote in apprising the so? called Jefferson Bible, the Life and Morals of Je? sus of Nazareth: That Jefferson believed in God is evident first from his ready acceptance of the teachings of Christ on the subject, the Lord’s Prayer, the Eight Beatitudes, the Parables of the Un?just Steward and the Ten Talents, the Sermon on the Mount—all of which presuppose a belief in the existence of God, the Creator of heaven and earth. Correlative with this goes the belief in prayer and some kind of Providence, and to that extent, at least, an acceptance of some kind of grace, requested for example in the petition, â€Å"Deliver us from evil,† in the Pater Noster. Also the Morals of Jesus allows us to conclude that Jeffer? son believed in some sort of future life, where the good are rewarded and the wicked punished. Besides the Parables of Lazarus and Dives, of the Pharisee and Publican, and the Wedding Feast, Jefferson accepted and extracted the whole discourse of Christ about the Day of Judgment, in the twenty? fifth chapter of Matthew, not excluding the classic 30. See id. at 65. 31. John Locke, Some Thoughts Concerning Education, in THE EDUCATIONAL WRITINGS OF JOHN LOCKE 109, 249 (James Axtell ed. , 1968). No. 1] The Human Nature of Freedom and Identity 41 verse 46, in which Christ foretells: â€Å"These will go into ever?lasting punishment, but the just into everlasting life. †32 What, then, of Jefferson’s self? description as a materialist in the Lockean sense? Hardon writes that it was not a denial of the spirituality of the human soul, but merely the humble con? fession that there is no human proof anchored solely in reason of the soul’s spiritual nature. 33 Hardon’s explanation is persua? sive. Even though Locke (and by extension Jefferson) was un? able to prove the imprint of a moral sense in man and questioned whether reason is naturally inclined toward seek?ing the good, as Aquinas taught, Locke nevertheless insisted on the existence of natural law, knowable only by means of the Divine creator and legislator. 34 By this, Locke meant that hu? man beings are the creation or â€Å"workmanship† of God; there? fore, they belong to God and are His property. From this declared status as created beings, a set of prescrip? tions under the natural law can be deduced. For example, the presupposition of creation allows man to deduce moral pre? cepts in support of â€Å"unalienable rights† derived out of his rela? tionship with a Creator? Owner and other created human beings. These moral precepts themselves then encourage habits of virtue, especially including Jefferson’s insight of service to others. Habits of virtue yield happiness. Disregard the presup? position of man as a created being, however, and think of man as his own self? creation living outside or above society, and the process would work in reverse: unhappiness resulting from practices of vice and self? interest unchecked by any moral sense derived from human nature. Without the public ac?knowledgment of man’s created nature, the derivation of moral sense would be impossible, because there would then be no 32. Fr. John A. Hardon, S. J. , The Jefferson Bible, AM. ECCLESIASTICAL REV. , June 1954, available at http://www. catholicculture. org/docs/doc_view. cfm? recnum? 6040. 33. See id. John Locke writes, â€Å"we do not owe our origin to ourselves . . . .† JOHN LOCKE, QUESTIONS CONCERNING THE LAW OF NATURE 161 (Robert Horowitz et al. trans. , Cornell Univ. Press 1990) (1664). Locke was sure that this is not a religious doctrine, even as such doctrines may confirm â€Å"the truth of our argument that man can, by making use of sense and reason together, arrive at knowledge of some su? preme power . . . .† Id. at 165. Locke admitted that reason may prompt some to doubt God’s existence, but he said â€Å"there exists nowhere a race so barbarous, so far removed from all humanity† that is not suited to â€Å"infer from sensible things that there exists some powerful and wise being who has jurisdiction and power over men themselves. † Id. at 165, 167. 34. See Michael P. Zuckert, Do Natural Rights Derive from Natural Law? , 20 HARV. J. L. PUB. POL’Y 695, 721 (1997). 42 Harvard Journal of Law Public Policy [Vol. 29 stable conception of human nature. Human nature would, of course, be factually constant, but insofar as it would be subject to legal redefinition by those in the possession of force, it would not yield moral clarity for public or private decision. Of course, man is not assured of happiness merely by public acknowledgment of his created nature. When man enacts laws or undertakes personal action in defiance of that created na?ture, he is acting in a way that is contrary to a state of happi? ness. For this reason, if a government of law is to be successful, it must be formed to meet the reality of man’s nature: a reality which recognizes both man’s created nobility and rebelling imperfection. Hence, Wilson insightfully comments: [G]overnment is the scaffolding of society: and if society could be built and kept entire without government, the scaf? folding might be thrown down, without the least inconven? ience or cause of regret. Government is, indeed, highly necessary .. . to a fallen state. Had man continued innocent, society, without the aids of government, would have shed its benign influence even over the bowers of Paradise. 35 he Founders believed man had not â€Å"continued innocent† T and so shaped American government to meet his shortcom? ings. IV. MAN’S IMPERFECT NOBILITY The seventeenth? to? eighteenth? century period out of which the Constitution emerged was, as Arthur O. Lovejoy records, a period of transition between the denigration of man and the celebration of his potential. 36 Theologians and religious writers reminded the Founders of man’s creation in the image and like? ness of God and man’s supernatural destiny, but one satire writer after another demonstrated that man, in action, failed regularly to live up to this nobility. These satires of the Seven? teenth Century were but the flowering of earlier writing. Father James Gillis writes: Shakespeare—the myriad? minded Shakespeare—probably knew man better than any other poet or dramatist or phi? losopher. Certainly he made a life study of man; he tracked 35. JAMES WILSON, Of the Study of Law in the United States, in SELECTED POLITICAL ESSAYS OF JAMES WILSON, supra note 28, at 210. 36. See ARTHUR O. LOVEJOY, REFLECTIONS ON HUMAN NATURE 20 (1961). No. 1] The Human Nature of Freedom and Identity 43 every emotion and mood and thought and passion of man to its secret lair in the human heart, dragged it out, incarnated it in man or woman, king, peasant, soldier, student, lover, clown, clothed it in ermine or fustian or in mourner’s weeds, and made it â€Å"strut and fret its hour upon the stage. † If ever a man revealed ourselves to ourselves, it was that all? But? omniscient Shakespeare. But even he was compelled in the end to confess that he couldn’t solve the riddle of man. Wit? ness the famous monologue, â€Å"[w]hat a piece of work is man! † continuing â€Å"how like an angel! † but concluding, â€Å"this quintessence of dust! †37 A. Man Rationalizes Himself as an Exception: The Self? Interest Problem Thirty years before the Declaration, the French writer Mar? quis de Vauvenargues noted how much we enjoy pointing out human defect, thinking we can somehow exempt ourselves from the same criticism. Vauvenargues lamented, â€Å"We are so presumptuous that we imagine we can separate our personal interest from that of humanity in general, and malign the hu? man race without implicating ourselves. †38 n response to this criticism, man would assert as a defense I his commitment to reason. However, one would have to cau? tiously wonder if â€Å"reason† was itself rationalization and self? deception. Man reaches a conclusion favoring passion over rea? son, then finds reasons to justify the passion and deceives him? self into thinking the reasons discovered were the cause for the initial decision. Again, satirists of the Seventeenth Century regularly pointed out that â€Å"[t]he passions always seek to justify themselves and persuade us insensibly that we have reason for following them. The gratification and pleasure to which they give rise in the mind which should be judging them, corrupt its judgment in their favor. †39 hese insights were best represented in the founding genera? T tion by John Adams. He observed that men tend to act first and think after. Men have a tendency to flatter themselves, and Ad? ams thought this self? deception was responsible for many ca? 37. JAMES M. GILLIS, THIS MYSTERIOUS HUMAN NATURE 5 (1956) (quoting WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE, HAMLET act 2, sc. 2). 38. LOVEJOY, supra note 36, at 20 (citation omitted). 39. Id. at 26. 44 Harvard Journal of Law Public Policy [Vol. 29 lamities. 40 Caught up in the various political controversies of his day, Adams wondered why those against him sought to â€Å"blacken and discredit† his motives, rather than address under? lying issues. 41 This trait of human nature has not changed. 42 B. A Government to Bring Perfection from Imperfect Human Nature Richard Hooker had faithfully recorded the noble, but imper? fect, aspects of human nature: Laws politic, ordained for external order . . . are never framed as they should be, unless presuming the will of man to be inwardly obstinate, rebellious, and averse from all obedience unto the sacred laws of nature; in a word, unless presuming man to be in regard of his depraved mind little better than a wild beast, they do accordingly provide not? Withstanding so to frame his outward actions, that they be no hindrance unto the common good for which societies are instituted: unless they do this, they are not perfect. 43 et all was not lost. God had created a universe by counter? Y balancing the forces of physical science, as Newton explained, and man could likewise construct a successful polity by follow? ing His model. So the Constitution came to be, following this instruction of counterpoise or balance, reflected in the planets as well as literature. The Founders, already having declared their fidelity to â€Å"the Laws of Nature and Nature’s God,† pro? 40. See generally JOHN ADAMS, ON SELF? DELUSION, in 3 THE WORKS OF JOHN ADAMS, SECOND PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES 432, 433–36 (Charles C. Little James Brown eds. 1851). 41. Id. at 436. 42. Why, for instance, did environmental groups seek to demonize then? Judge John Roberts as anti? environment because of his dissent in Rancho Viejo v. Norton, 334 F. 3d 1158 (D. C. Cir. 2003), rather than take up the jurisprudential difficulty that animated the Supreme Court decisions upon which preced.